Hi Nick, I have solved the similar type of issue . There is bug in the Stripe module .
Order is not created because during ValidateOrder call the function is not getting the secure_key.
The module is trying to create customer object from cart id.
So In the ValidationOrderActions.php Goto line no. 305 and
Change this line
$customer = new Customer($this->conveyor['cart']->id);
To
$customer = new Customer($this->conveyor['cart']->id_customer);
I am expert in payment gateway related modules .