I just made a very curious observation: apparently I have accidentally added a whitespace to the index.php right before the opening <?php, so that this whitespace is actually printed to the page. I thought that was an error because obviously redirects wont work like that anymore, so I removed that whitespace again. However, if I remove that whitespace, the page doesn't show anymore, it is always blank. Only when I add that whitespace, the page is displayed when I open the index.php file in the browser directly.
I am really confused what could be causing this weird behavior.